May 21, 2025
How are Natura 2000s sites designated?
Natura 2000 is the European Union’s network of protected areas, created to safeguard valuable and threatened species and habitats across Europe. These sites are vital for preserving biodiversity, but how are Natura 2000 sites designated, especially when it comes to marine and coastal areas?
The process is guided by science, national responsibility, and EU-level collaboration. However, there is often a huge gap between designation and management of these areas, which leaves marine ecosystems without effective protection for years. Here’s how it works, step by step.
Identified need for protection
It all begins with an identified need to protect an area. Using scientific research, local knowledge, and sometimes community input, a country investigates the species and habitats in its territory. Fieldwork helps determine which areas host species or habitat types listed under the EU Habitats or Birds Directives, the legal foundations of Natura 2000. Based on this research, the country selects potential sites using strict scientific criteria.
Proposal for protection
Once the sites have been identified, the national government submits a list of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCIs) to the European Commission. Each proposed site must be supported by:
- maps and coordinates
- a description of the species and habitats present
- a scientific justification explaining its ecological value
Evaluation by the EU
The European Commission, in collaboration with the European Environment Agency and scientific experts, reviews the national lists. If the sites meet the criteria, they are officially added to the EU’s SCI (Site of Community Importance) list which are updated yearly.
From this point, the MPA is officially created, and with this start the first protective measures: no deterioration of the area can happen. At the same time, the clock starts ticking, as the country has up to six years to develop proper management measures.
Designation as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
Within six years of SCI adoption, each member state must designate these areas as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). This is a legal step under national law. SAC status comes with an obligation to protect, manage, and, where necessary, restore the area’s ecological value based on agreed conservation objectives.
Preparation of a management plan
As part of this process, countries must either implement specific conservation measures or develop a management plan for each site. These plans typically include:
- conservation objectives
- identification of key threats and pressures
- proposed restrictions or protective actions
- monitoring and enforcement mechanisms
In some cases, especially in marine environments, management plans also include restoration targets to bring habitats or species back to a healthy condition.
Stakeholder consultation
Throughout the process, countries are encouraged to engage local communities, NGOs, fishers, and other stakeholders. These consultations help ensure that the measures are realistic, widely supported, and more likely to succeed in the long term.
Why designation alone isn’t enough. The case of Spain:
Designating a site as a marine protected area is only the first step. Without proper management, these areas risk becoming “paper parks” that offer little real protection.
Official data shows that less than half of assessed Natura 2000 sites in the EU have a management plan in place. Even when plans exist, many were delayed for years and are often incomplete.
A recent study found that over 80% of EU marine protected areas provide only minimal protection from harmful activities such as dredging, mining and destructive fishing.
In Spain, the situation is equally concerning. Of the 218 marine Natura 2000 sites assessed, only 62% have a management plan in place, according to the European Environment Agency. Many of the remaining sites are still waiting. Some plans were due by the end of 2021, but delays continue.
Why it matters
Loss of biodiversity is taking place all over the world, leading to regression and disappearance of marine habitats and species. Designating a Natura 2000 site should not just be a bureaucratic step; but a promise to protect the ocean, that keeps the planet healthy.
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